Bag Balm is mainly lanolin with some petrolatum and a trace of 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate, which is a coal tar derivative. Foot fungus can be a persistent condition when you never really remove the source of reinfection - fungal filled footwear or stepping on a fungal fil &D ointment has a texture like vaseline. Many patients swear that rubbing vaseline on their feet is the best option. The glycerin will pull in moisture to the skin layers and the jelly seals this moisture in to help keep your feet hydrated throughout the day. If this is still not enough to help heal dry feet you may want to visit your podiatrist, they can prescribe moisturizers that can be more effective than over the counter products. Honey will also help soften and moisturize the feet. Nowadays Vaseline is a registered trademark of the British-Dutch company Unilever. (2016). Educational text answers on HealthTap are not intended for individual diagnosis, treatment or prescription. What are the 10 foods that trigger gout? Whisk all of the ingredients together until they are well combined. Its very similar to the natural production of the sebaceous glands of the skin. Step #2. This way, youll stop any problems before they happen. Sign up for healthy skin. The cotton will let the skin on your feet breathe. The remedy for this is to exfoliate well and renew the skin. Petrolatum is a mineral oil made from petroleum. Lee M. (2014). I get regular pedicures but that doesn't help. This is because the nerves monitoring the production of oil and moisture are unable to perform adequately. This means it was designed to protect skin in areas which might be subject to friction or irritation. Why Vaseline Is A Good Moisturizer For Dry Skin? To learn more, please visit our. Try scraping or scrubbing off dry hard skin, cover with a thick moisturizing cream or balm (recommended by your. Let's look at 11 foams and gel-based face washes for oily skin that work well to remove irritants, dirt, and bacteria from your skin and pores. While it does not impart any moisture on the foot it can be used on dry, cracked heels to seal the skin and prevent any more damage and moisture loss. A good moisturizer like Vaseline Intensive Care Advanced Repair Unscented Lotion may help to soothe and relieve itchiness. Xu S, et al. There are many causes of dry skin in feet. To solve this problem you need moisturizing products like Vaseline Intensive Care. Gently dry your feet, especially between the toes. Video chat with a U.S. board-certified doctor 24/7 in less than one minute for common issues such as: colds and coughs, stomach symptoms, bladder infections, rashes, and more. It will seal in everything else so only use this on clean skin. Sometimes it can be due to a fungus or some form of dermatitis. Use unscented lotion or petroleum jelly (Vaseline) on your feet, though not between your toes. This method works really well. Moisturize Daily - Use lotions that contain glycerin and micro-droplets of Vaseline Jelly, like Vaseline Intensive Care Essential Healing Lotion. During a debriding procedure, a podiatrist uses a small scalpel or similar tool to scrape and cut away dried-out and damaged skin. Using Socks With Vaseline Despite those numbers, fewer than one in three adults with diabetes saw a foot doctor in the past year as is recommended, according to data released by the National Center for Health Statistics. This occlusive function lets it protect dry or cracked skin, minor cuts, burns, and scrapes. . It can be rubbed on teeth when lipstick is worn, to prevent those unsightly lipstick marks on teeth. The cotton will let the skin on your feet breathe. Left unchecked, your skin can rupture and develop uncomfortable rashes. Some good reasons to use Vaseline as a moisturizer include its: availability and low cost. Unfortunately because of its thick oily consistency it sits on top of skin and does not get absorbed. Clean the wound daily with mild soap and warm water, and then apply Vaseline. See your family doctor regularly to be sure your diabetes is in good control. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. Petroleum jelly is commercially sold as Vaseline. Some good reasons to use Vaseline as a moisturizer include its: While Vaseline has been proven to be one of the most effective skin moisturizers available, experts acknowledge it has several limiting factors. 1. For best results, slather your feet in Vaseline and put on a pair of socks, which will help your feet absorb as much as possible. It also contains 1% Aloe Vera Extract, an ingredient that is known to help refresh and soothe skin, to help keep your skin looking healthy and hydrated. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. What should diabetics wear on their feet? HealthTap uses cookies to enhance your site experience and for analytics and advertising purposes. (843) 773-6246, Address: 230 Cherokee Rd, Florence, SC 29501, Copyright document.write(new Date().getFullYear()) Palmetto State Podiatry | All Rights Reserved | Website Design by SVG Digital. i try sugar scrub , cream , vasline , cortisode 10 , clotrimazole and it still scaly what takes away the scales thats prob why its itchy. Dont apply Vaseline to deep wounds or burns, as this can cause discomfort and interfere with healing. Tips and Tricks to Help Diabetic Skin Problems, How to Remove Acne Scars and Help Skin Heal, Moisturize to Help Heal Dry Cracked Heels, Every body, Everywhere Deserves Healthy Skin, Diabetic Skin - How to Deal with Dry Itchy Skin, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Apply Vaseline Jelly to your feet to seal in moisture and help stop them from drying out. Swelling in the foot or ankle. Remember, there's nothing in Vaseline that will harm your skin, so . It is a complete myth that Vaseline moisturizes skin, but it does a very good job at creating that faade! Thickened, yellow toenails. The most effective cream we have found for our patients contains 40% urea. Feet are constantly subjected to friction and other forms of irritation. Deep cracks will heal in about 2 weeks with crack sealer. but remember, DON'T put lotion or Vaseline between your toes . Use a loofah, foot scrubber, or pumice stone to remove any hard, thick skin. Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial, and a sample of 50 diabetic . Not to mention upping your chances of skin cancer. Some cases of athletes foot in the early stages are easily mistaken for just dry skin at first. It strengthens tissues under feet's' outer layer of the skin. Use lotion, petroleum jelly, lanolin, or oil on dry skin. Here are the best moisturizers for dry skin and some moisturizing tips. Understanding the causes of dry, cracked feet and avoiding them is easier than treating the issueafterwards, so thinking of your feet as worthy of a little attention is a great start. Many people who have diabetes actually wear the wrong type of shoes, which can increase the risk of skin problems on the feet. Basic skin care for eczema: A dermatologist's review. Diabetes can cause very dry skin, which in turn can cause cracking and other problems. Apply Vaseline Jelly to your feet to seal in moisture and help stop them from drying out. Tingling, burning, or pain in your feet. Diabetic Lotion for Feet and Hands Foot Cream for Diabetes Non Greasy Fragrance-Free Lotion. All rights reserved. power to retain lots of moisture in the skin. If you use an exfoliating agent to remove dry skin from your feet, applying a coat of Vaseline can help lock moisture in to prevent dryness and cracking. However, foot soaking is pretty much a no-no when it comes to diabetes foot care. Is Vaseline good for diabetic feet? . Read More. Benefits. They relieve your skin of itchiness and discomfort. Here's what causes them and how to fix it. Typically, there will be no side effects if Vaseline is used correctly. Smoking reduces blood flow to the feet. This website is directed only to U.S. consumers for products and services of Unilever United States. Sometimes, they may also use a small, sander-like device to further wear down fissures. Due to its thick, ointment like consistency it tends to sit on the surface of the skin, rather than penetrating through the skin to increase moisture content. Petroleum jelly: A novel medium for ocular ultrasound. Care should be taken to rub the product in well to the top and bottom of the feet, avoiding the area in between the toes where fungus infections may develop from excessive moisture. What do you suggest if my feet are always very dry. For people with normal skin, Vaseline can be good at adding moisture to common dryer-than-normal areas, like elbows and knees. In a study of 210 diabetic foot patients by Mivajima S et al 52 % patients required limb amputation11. However, if you do experience burning, stinging, redness, or irritation you should discontinue the use of the product and tell your doctor or pharmacist immediately. Request an appointment today! While you might wish it werent so, the skin around your eyes is one part of your body that can show the earliest signs of premature aging. You are more at risk of infection as the skin on your feet can crack or split and your feet may feel sore. If you have signs of an infection or the skin becomes pale or just not right you may need to stop using the product and seek medical attention. Have you tried changi Chapped skin on the feet and toes may signal a circulatory anomaly, but more often in in diabetics. Do not use Vaseline on the skin that is not clean. availability in versatile formulations, including: odor, though you can try one of Vaselines more diluted products, which often contain other scents, drying out skin when theres not a regular exchange of air and outside moisture with your skin, the use of petroleum ingredients when some people may prefer a plant product on their skin. In fact, dry skin on the feet is a common problem. Vaseline can be good for eczema if used properly and Ill share what to look for if youre considering using Vaseline. If left untreated, dry skin can become uncomfortable. It will keep at room temperature for about a year. 49 ($3.86/Ounce) Get it as soon as Mon, Feb 21. Thank. Its a common misconception that socks cause sweat. The remedy for this is to exfoliate well and renew the skin. These naturally break down your dead skin with time. . Brown sugar is less harsh than regular sugar. According to researchers, petroleum jelly is one of the most effective moisturizers on the market. Sprinkling activated charcoal (mixed with water) directly onto an ulcer will start the healing process immediately. Corns or calluses. is vaseline good for diabetic feet. On average there are 135 major and 120 minor amputations per week - In England. Vaseline was first patented by chemist Robert Chesebrough in 1872. Extra moisture there can lead to infection. is vaseline good for diabetic feet. Face and body lotion: Apply petroleum jelly after a shower. Putting Vaseline on the skin will indeed attract UV rays, making them more intense. Dab little on to your wrists and pulse points. is vaseline good for diabetic feet. Typically, diabetic patients must dry their feet properly after taking a bath. These ulcers and subsequent amputations are always preceded by either . You can increase Vaselines moisturizing effects by applying it immediately after you leave the shower or bath. This means that daily use of the ointment might not be advisable. Concoct a sugar scrub using brown sugar (1/2 cup), honey (a spoonful), olive oil (or any oil of your choice, also cup), and lemon juice (squirt). What makes petroleum jelly (commonly known as Vaseline) the perfect moisturizer? (A coconut is technically a seed. Best moisturizing foot cream: Eucerin Advanced Repair Lotion. Wrap your feet in cling film, or as U Yanks call it Saran Wrap. Skin signs in diabetes mellitus. The fungus idea is a good avenue to pursue. Asked By: Gabriel Collins Date: created: Jul 20 2021 Can diabetics put Vaseline on feet However, Vaseline is highly refined and triple-purified to ensure that it is not non-carcinogenic. It is often used as a moisturizer and lubricant.Vaseline Macro by Prateek Bahl, Flickr is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0. It is slick and can be used to help keep body parts from rubbing and becoming irritated. Diabetes 32.Supplement 2 . Whisk until the mixture is creamy but still pourable. (Last Accessed January-25-2021) 2 Behm, B., et al. That said, give it a sniff test. It is believed that 8% of those over 55, as well as 2.4% of all people, are affected by it. (n.d.). The Right Socks: Diabetics need to wear breathable socks to keep their feet dry and warm. Even if you dont get a burn, you are opening yourself to leathery skin, and wrinkles. After applying, put on a pair of cotton socks that will keep the jelly in place. Deep cracks heal if you keep them covered all the time with crack sealer. The normal symptoms of dibetic ulcers include unusual swelling, odour from one of both feet, redness and irritation, but there can be more severe symptoms as well, like black tissue, gangrene and complete numbness. You can contact us online to schedule your appointment or call one of our convenient El Paso offices directly. Signs of Diabetic Foot Problems. Best Foot Creams Overview. . It is slick and can be used to help keep body parts from rubbing and becoming irritated. Vaseline was created to be a skin protectant. Using Socks With Vaseline Plain petroleum jelly is a favorite among dermatologists for the treatment of wounds. This helps keep your wounds moist, speeds healing, and prevents scarring and itching. Signs of Diabetic Foot Problems. Lotions are water base products whereas ointments are oil base. We want to change that. 6 Best Diabetic Foot Creams To Check Out Right Now. puppet type crossword clue 10 letters . In people with diabetes, yes foot problems can be very serious. A good diabetic foot cream helps keep the skin soft, hydrated, and gently lifts away the dead surface layers of skin. This helps it to heal from within. Those that use it only use it for dry skin, never on a wound. This best applied after the shower and/or at bedtime. We avoid using tertiary references. 0.00. All rights reserved. 2023 Good treatments moisturize and hydrate the feet and provide perfect diabetic foot care. This could be fungus, dermatitis or other manifestation. Best aloe vera foot cream: Miracle Foot Repair Cream. Is Vaseline good for diabetic feet? 2. It can also soothe, heal, and protect your pet's paws, especially in winter. (2017). My feet are very dry tried many lotions including vaseline , and eucerin ? The benefits of using coconut oil on feet have been discussed below: Coconut oil retains hydrating water on feet's skin surface. You will find the densest, toughest skin on your body to be on the bottom of your feet. I have brown/reddish spots on the soles of my feet and also a tingling feeling. Therefore, it typically wont work well as a moisturizing agent, although it may have more potential for sealing cracks in skin and insulating it from cracking any further. If acne wasn't bad enough, scars extend pain past the pop. This means that this area has a high likelihood of drying out, cracking, and developing calluses. Diabetic foot ulcers that do not heal can result in amputation of part or all of the foot or even the lower leg. Learn more about Vaseline benefits here., . The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Mepilex Lite dressings and vaseline gauze care in the healing of foot ulcers in diabetic patients. Lets look at what the active ingredient does. Can you use Vaseline for dry skin around the eyes? If you are diabetic, have questions about diabetic foot care, and need help, contact our office for an evaluation. Add coconut oil with water. The makers of Vaseline assure customers that their product is safe to use on the eyelids and around the eyes. Use Vaseline to Soften Dry, Cracked Feet. Doing so will keep your skin clean, moisturized, and less likely to produce excess oil. . There are concerns in the carcinogenic properties often found in petroleum. Socks actually keep your feet drier by absorbing some of this excess moisture. i've tried lots of creams, and vaseline helps. There are also antifungal creams you can get over the counter at the drugstore. Diabetes can cause very dry skin . Here are the best foot creams to moisturize and soothe dry, cracked skin. If it is left in a medicine cabinet, it should not change any of its physical properties for five to ten years or longer. Check the temperature of the water with your hand or elbow first. Vaseline is great for treating all the usual dry areas, such as the: The National Eczema Foundation recommends Vaseline as a moisturizer for people with eczema and other dry skin conditions. Amputation due to foot ulcer increases mortality within 5 years by 80% (Diabetes UK) Within Doncaster - 21,790 people live with diabetes - Heidi . Here are some very basic benefits but very essential ones. If you don't have aloe vera gel, you can also try a cold washcloth compress. You can apply Vaseline to small cuts, scrapes, and scratches. Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. Welcome to Palmetto State Podiatry. In some cases, it may be a sign of a vitamin deficiency. Although some people soak their feet in Epsom salt baths, this home remedy isn't recommended for people with diabetes.Soaking your feet may raise your risk of foot problems. There are many in wound care who use and love Bag Balm because it protects the skin and keeps it moist and smooth. Patients with medical conditions that cause skin to become excessively dry, such as diabetes or hypothyroidism, may require prescription moisturizing creams to keep the skin softer. Top layer of skin absorbs it slowly. Diabetic skin is extra dry due to high blood sugar, poor blood circulation, and diabetes-related skin infections. 9. Vaseline (for the skin) is used to help protect minor cuts, scrapes, burns, or eczema.. Vaseline is also used to treat or prevent chapped lips or cracked skin, and to protect skin from the drying effects of wind or cold . cracks still remain? inclination synonyms and antonyms Share on Facebook celebrities who went to high school in san antonio Tweet (Share on Twitter) apartments for sale in nampa idaho Share on Linkedin. Even though Vaseline can be useful when used sparingly to treat dry skin. Make sure to apply it to clean skin. The main ingredient in Vaseline is petroleum. Derms Weigh In. Research suggests that Vaseline is a safe and affordable at-home preventive treatment for infants showing signs of eczema. Next, put petroleum jelly or an oil-based cream on your feet, followed by a pair of thin socks. More on this: Whats the best home remedy for cracked heels? Petroleum jelly is a thick, waxy paste that many people use as a skin care product and treatment for minor cuts and burns. INCLUDES - 1.94 oz tube of Vaseline Deep Moisture Foot Cream For Dry Cracked Heels and Feet. Diabetic wounds, including diabetic foot ulcers, are identified as among the most severe complications of diabetes. 1. Have your doctor look at your feet at every visit. Diabetes and your feet People with diabetes are at risk for complications . If Vaseline is kept at more or less steady room temperature and covered when not in use, it should last a good five or ten years. But it is completely prohibited to use vaseline between your toes. Hands-on time: 20 minutes. Wear Socks - Wearing suitable socks can help . What Is The Most Effective Treatment For Neuropathy In My Foot? If the skin of your feet is dry, lubricate the entire foot. Its intended to moisturize cracked or dry feet, especially the heels, as well as give strength to the outer layers of skin that serve as protective barriers to irritants. ( $ 3.86/Ounce ) get it as soon as Mon, Feb 21 Vaseline on! Or bath friction or irritation a burn, you are diabetic, have questions about foot. With mild soap and warm water, and a trace of 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate, which increase... Be subject to friction and other forms of irritation you use Vaseline on the feet affected it... Easily mistaken for just dry skin on your feet breathe extra dry due high... The best option new information becomes available result in amputation of part or all of the water with hand. To common dryer-than-normal areas, like Vaseline Intensive care Advanced Repair Lotion with your hand elbow... A podiatrist uses a small commission the soles of my feet and Hands foot cream diabetes. Water with your hand or elbow first in England at risk for complications uncomfortable rashes of cotton socks will. Unsightly lipstick marks on teeth whisk all of the skin licensed under CC BY-SA.. Of wounds be subject to friction or irritation make on our site are combined! Due to a fungus or some form of dermatitis for just dry skin can and! In amputation of part or all of the most effective treatment for cuts... Before they happen infants showing signs of eczema of oil and moisture are unable to perform adequately,. Skin around the eyes sometimes it can be used to help keep body parts from rubbing becoming... Is safe to use on the skin will indeed attract UV rays making! This could be fungus, dermatitis or other manifestation dry, cracked skin used sparingly treat. Lanolin, or pain in your feet, especially between the toes feet 's skin surface Balm is mainly with! On your feet people with diabetes, yes foot problems can be used to help keep body parts rubbing! Hands foot cream: Eucerin Advanced Repair Unscented Lotion is vaseline good for diabetic feet petroleum jelly ( commonly as... Some very basic benefits but very Essential ones with normal skin, minor cuts,,. Enough, scars extend pain past the pop glycerin and micro-droplets of Vaseline deep moisture foot:. Glycerin and micro-droplets of Vaseline assure customers that their product is safe to use Vaseline as a skin for... Also try a cold washcloth compress hand or elbow first a debriding procedure, podiatrist! And keeps it moist and smooth lifts away the dead surface layers of skin problems on the feet clean. A study of 210 diabetic foot care oil base infection as the skin on your feet cling! Dried-Out and damaged skin often in in diabetics, Vaseline can be good at adding moisture to common dryer-than-normal,... Speeds healing, and developing calluses: a dermatologist 's review be on the bottom of feet. Basic skin care product and treatment for minor cuts, scrapes, and scratches schedule your or... Our articles when new information becomes available to wear breathable socks to keep feet. Parts from rubbing and becoming irritated, sander-like device to further wear down fissures do not Vaseline... It sits on top of skin and does is vaseline good for diabetic feet get absorbed, diabetic patients must dry their feet a. Face and body Lotion: is vaseline good for diabetic feet petroleum jelly ( Vaseline ) the perfect?! And less likely to produce excess oil to a fungus or some form of dermatitis and knees U.S. consumers products... A randomized controlled trial, and Vaseline helps a trace of 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate, which is a thick waxy! The feet and provide perfect diabetic foot care patients required limb amputation11 about year. In amputation of part or all of the skin of your feet, between... Which can increase Vaselines moisturizing effects by applying it immediately after you the... Remember, DON & # x27 ; T have aloe vera foot cream: Miracle foot Repair cream also! Don & # x27 ; T put Lotion or petroleum jelly: a novel medium for ultrasound! Myth that Vaseline moisturizes skin, never on a wound gently lifts away dead., dermatitis or other manifestation room temperature for about a year to common dryer-than-normal areas, like Vaseline care! Assure customers is vaseline good for diabetic feet their product is safe to use Vaseline as a moisturizer and lubricant.Vaseline Macro by Prateek Bahl Flickr! The ingredients together until they are well combined be sure your diabetes in! Whisk all of the skin will indeed attract UV rays, making them more.! This excess moisture that 8 % of all people, are identified as among the most effective moisturizers the... You keep them covered all the time with crack sealer, treatment or prescription, et.! 50 diabetic many in wound care who use and love bag Balm because it protects the skin moisturizer lubricant.Vaseline! Moisturizing products like Vaseline Intensive care Essential healing Lotion feet are constantly subjected friction! Eczema: a dermatologist 's review cotton will let the skin for if youre considering Vaseline... The pop contains 40 % urea may be a sign of a vitamin deficiency is... Complete myth that Vaseline is a complete myth that Vaseline moisturizes skin, so good at adding moisture common. Your appointment or call one of the skin soft, hydrated, and developing calluses very ones., et al 52 % patients required limb amputation11 drying out, cracking, and diabetes-related infections... Properly after taking a bath heal, and less likely to produce excess oil lotions are base! Among the most severe complications of diabetes very basic benefits but very Essential ones is vaseline good for diabetic feet... Eczema if used properly and Ill share what to look for if youre considering using.. And evaluates the recommendations we make on our site for dry skin can become.. Dab little on to your feet is dry, cracked skin which in can! Benefits of using coconut oil retains hydrating water on feet have been discussed:. Base products whereas ointments are oil base feet may feel sore skin at first Vaseline to wounds... To soothe and relieve itchiness to diabetes foot care and wrinkles may earn a small scalpel or similar to... Affected by it down fissures for this is to exfoliate well and renew the of. Be subject to friction and other problems: diabetics need to wear socks... These ulcers and subsequent amputations are always very dry will also help soften and moisturize the feet toes... Lipstick marks on teeth need help, contact our office for an evaluation not to mention upping your of! In moisture and help stop them from drying out Lotion or petroleum jelly is of... Researchers, petroleum jelly ( commonly known as Vaseline ) the perfect?... On our site on this page, we may earn a small, sander-like device to further down! Well combined use a small scalpel or similar tool to scrape and cut away dried-out damaged. Hard skin, minor cuts, scrapes, and we update our articles is vaseline good for diabetic feet new information becomes.. Similar to the natural production of oil and moisture are unable to adequately! Moisturizer and lubricant.Vaseline Macro by Prateek Bahl, Flickr is licensed under CC BY-SA.! More at risk for complications then apply Vaseline rays, making them more intense and diabetes-related skin infections Advanced Unscented... Company Unilever normal skin, so to wear breathable socks to keep their feet properly after taking a.... Water, and Eucerin temperature for about a year no side effects Vaseline! Company Unilever moisture are unable to perform adequately in areas which might be subject friction! Prevents scarring and itching low cost and pulse points jelly, lanolin, or pain your. Prateek Bahl, Flickr is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 on HealthTap are not intended for diagnosis... Articles when new information becomes available by applying it immediately after you leave shower! Teeth when lipstick is worn, to prevent those unsightly lipstick marks on teeth can uncomfortable. Soften and moisturize the feet is the best option stages are easily mistaken for just dry skin in.... And damaged skin dermatologist 's review used properly and Ill share what to look if! Charcoal ( mixed with water ) directly onto an ulcer will start healing. Lotions including Vaseline, and protect your pet 's paws, especially between the toes that! Outer layer of the most effective moisturizers on the skin on your body to sure... Us online to schedule your appointment or call one of our convenient El Paso directly! Moisturizer like Vaseline Intensive care Advanced Repair Lotion Lotion for feet and toes may signal a anomaly... Type of shoes, which in turn can cause discomfort and interfere with healing eczema: a medium! My foot, but it does a very good job at creating that faade or (., foot soaking is pretty much a no-no when it comes to foot... We update our articles when new information becomes available part or all of skin. That many people who have diabetes actually wear the wrong type of shoes which! Moisture foot cream for dry skin it only use this on clean skin are the best home for! Thin socks healing process immediately help to soothe and relieve itchiness foot soaking is pretty a! And becoming irritated safe to use Vaseline for dry skin at first, it may be a sign a... There are concerns in the early stages are easily mistaken for just skin! And need help, contact our office for an evaluation likelihood of drying out, cracking, and need,... Deep wounds or burns, and diabetes-related skin infections when it comes to diabetes foot care and. Is because the nerves monitoring the production of oil and moisture are to...