Even video games have gender stereotyped focuses. Schemas are essentially outlines cognitive templates that we follow, if you will. The American psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg published his cognitive theory of gender development in the 1960s. The GFP model serves as a guiding framework for research on gender in the family context, calling for the integration of biological, social, and cognitive factors. However, the different in- and out-groups, which are cognitive concepts that boys and girls identify with during their early years, can significantly impact their gender expression. Ultimately, gender roles are divided into females focusing on rearing children and gathering food close to home, whereas males go out and hunt and protect the family. If they learn new information that does not align with what they already know, they will adjust their schema so they are aligned. DES was prescribed to pregnant women in late 1940s through the early 1970s. For example, chromosomes (female XX, male XY), reproductive organs (ovaries, testes), hormones (oestrogen, testosterone). Kohlberg theorised that as children develop cognitive skills, their understanding of their gender and that of the people around them increases. Children learn what it means to be a boy or girl from their environment, clothes, and toys. Is it the same across countries? Here is a closer look at nutrition and gender and how they affect development. Roles of biological, social and cognitive influences on gender During the past years, sex and gender have been used interchangeably, but these uses are becoming increasingly different. An environment that is unsafe and results in abuse, neglect, stressful family dynamics, etc. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. This insecurity then would lead to either (1) withdrawal from competing or (2) becoming more competitive (Harris, 2016). Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. To resolve this tension, the girl adopts her mother's feminine traits and replaces her desire for a penis with a desire for a baby. Children are born in a family; inherit many traits and features from their parents. Moreover, when considering print media, we know that there tends to be a focus on appearance, body image, and relationships for teenage girls, whereas print media tends to focus on occupations and hobbies for boys. Review the evidence linking gender differences in cognitive abilities to brain organization Some theorists propose that male and female brains are organized differently, which might account for gender differences in some gender-specific abilities. John Money's (1972) theory was that once a biological male or female is born, social labeling and differential treatment of boys and girls interact with biological factors to steer development. First, libido is the psychic energy that drives a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors. What we have learned is that, truthfully, things are complicated and other hormones and chemicals are at play. Here is an example. Case studies, questionnaires, laboratory experiments, and interviews. The following link provides a nice summary of how the two genders move through the Phallic Stage: https://www.simplypsychology.org/Psychosexual%20Development.pdf . Show abstract. Research tends to indicate that teachers place a heavier focus, in general, on males this means they not only get more praise, they also receive more correction and criticism (Simpson & Erickson, 1983). The structure of personality. These strategies fall in three categories (Harris, 2016): Although Horney disputed much of Freuds male biased theories, she recognized that females are born into a society dominated by males. Computer models are a cognitive approach to understanding mental processes. Finally, we will end by taking a brief, but important, glance at various biologically based theories of gender development. Traditionally, there are three main psychological explanations of how we navigate the path to gender identity. As our brains physically develop, our cognitive abilities begin to mature, meaning that we are capable of more complex thought. Peers are strong influences regarding gender and how children play. We pick out boy and girl names, choose particular colors for nurseries, types of clothing, and decor, all based on a childs gender, often before they are ever born (Bussey, 2014). We then become models for others as well! This desire then leads to a strong fear that his father will ultimately castrate him due to his attraction to his mother, which is known as castration anxiety. What is a methodological issue associated with conducting interviews with child participants? 60 terms. Her symptoms appeared as she cared for her dying father, and her mother called on Breuer to diagnosis her condition (note that Freud never actually treated her). Clarify whether these influences are independent of each other, or whether they interact with each other. You may remember learning about psychoanalytic theory in your Introduction to Psychology class. how does our physical development help us to understand complex ideas such as gender identity? When were cognitive approaches to psychology first introduced? Gender roles are culturally influenced stereotypes which create expectations for appropriate behavior for males and females. The Oedipus complex is traditionally used to describe the development of boys. Outline potential strengths and weaknesses of these theories. 4.1.1.2. Sometimes referred to as the Electra Complex, Freud theorized that girls were upset and distressed that they had no penis (referred to as penis envy) and resented their mother for this. The more a child plays with same-gender peers, the more their behavior becomes gender-stereotyped. Okay, before we get too far, you are probably wondering how learning is related to biological theories. How do children develop schemas? Parents begin to socialize children to gender long before they can label their own. Things can only be one or the other, and there is very little flexibility in schemas. Suppose we use the cognitive approach to explain gender and its development. One must have an ability to label their own identity, which is known as gender identity. A female can never fully resolve penis envy, and if taken Freuds theory is to be taken literally, a female can never fully resolve the core conflict of the Phallic Stage and will always have some fixation and thus, some maladaptive development. So why did Freud describe the conflict in the Phallic stage as the Oedipus complex? This is modeling and you modeled the behavior of the person ahead of you. Similar to boys, the development of the superego allows the girl to resolve this conflict. So, gender schemas make it easier to make decisions in the moment, regarding gendered behavior. As they grow, children add (through observation) to their gender schemas. The ego attempts to mediate the desires of the id against the demands of reality, and eventually, the moral limitations or guidelines of the superego. van Schalkwyk et al. It leads us to adopt our parents values as we come to realize that many of the ids impulses are unacceptable. To explain this, social cognitive theory posits that one has enactive experiences (this is essentially when a person receives reactions to gendered behavior), direct instruction (this is when someone is taught knowledge of expected gendered behavior), and modeling (this is when others show someone gendered behavior and expectations). Summarize four major theories explaining gender development, namely, social learning theory, neurophysiological bases, cognitive developmental theory, and gender schema theory. As children mature, their gender constancy becomes more established, which lays the foundation for how they understand other elements of gender, including same-sex models and gender stereotypes. Consider this. Genetic gender predisposition theorists further reference case studies in which males with damaged genitalia undergo plastic surgery as infants to modify their genitalia to be more female aligned. We will begin by taking a look back to the very beginning psychoanalytic theories. Zastrow and Kirst-Ashman (2010) state that cognition involves the ability to take in information, process it, store it, and finally retrieve and use it (pg. Thompson found that the older children were able to correctly identify genders more often than the younger children, suggesting that this skill develops between these two age groups. Parents label gender even when not required. She relapsed and was admitted to Bellevue Sanatorium on July 1, eventually being released in October of the same year. Just as there are biological influences on gender development, there are also social influences on gender development. Think about it, if you have an outline for a test that told you that the shortest answer is always the right answer, you would not even have to study. David Reimer is an example of one of these cases (Bevan, 2017). what assumption do we need to make when using the cognitive approach to understand gender? The development of personality. Fourth is declarative procedural learning. Please note that a person may become fixated at any stage, meaning they become stuck, thereby affecting later development and possibly leading to abnormal functioning, or psychopathology. We will begin by taking a look back to the very beginning - psychoanalytic theories. Ultimately, to really develop fully, one must have a penis according to Freuds theory. At what age do Martin and Halverson state children begin to develop a schema regarding their gender? This is important, because we know that the more children watch TV, the more gender stereotypical beliefs they hold (Durkin & Nugent, 1998; Kimball 1986). Their work has particularly focussed on a pair of male identical twins, one of whom had his penis so severely injured during circumcision, that at the age of 17 months he underwent gender reassignment surgery and was raised as a girl. This theory is most obvious when individuals are predisposed to a gender that does not align with biological sex, also referred to as transgender. True or false? This later impacts ones functioning as an adult and is the cause of psychopathology. The gender of the child, while in the developed countries, does not impact as much as it does in developing countries. However, there are rare exceptions to this rule. Basic hostility was defined as the individuals anger at their parents while experiencing high frustration that they were dependent on them (Harris, 2016). A child may develop a schema about dogs that includes knowledge that dogs are furry creatures with four legs. Biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes are all connected in the developmental task of a baby smiling at his or her mother's touch. Again, you can see, very clearly, that there is an underlying assumption that healthy development equals heterosexuality, which is a major criticism of Freuds theory (Sammons, n.d.). According to Freud, our personality has three parts the id, superego, and ego, and from these our behavior arises. The complex is described as an unconscious tension in which a young girl is preoccupied with her father and hates her mother because she sees her as a rival and believes she has castrated her, so she has no penis. In early childhood, peers are pretty direct about guiding gender-typical behaviors. Teenagers experience biological, cognitive, and social changes during adolescence that can affect their gender role attitudes (Eagly & Wood, 2012 ). Freud refers to this as penis envy. The model, formulated by Kohlberg, asserts that children recognize their gender identity around age three but do not see it as relatively fixed until the ages of five to seven. Since the brain makes up . This basic evil and basic hostility ultimately led to anxiety. So, if a schema is, Only girls cook, then a boy may apply that to themselves and learn he cannot cook. Many studies used to support this theory are based on interviews with young children, which increases the likelihood of demand characteristics. This difference has been linked to variations in social, language, and visual development between sexes. Really, this area falls into two subcategories: prenatal hormonal exposure and prenatal toxin exposure. Cognitive approaches to gender can be applied in nurseries to help children develop healthy gender identities and positive attitudes toward people with gender identities different from their own. DES was designed to mimic estrogen, and it does; however, it has many negative side effects that estrogen does not. Anxiety resulted in an individual developing interpersonal defense strategies (ways a person relates to others). However, for this book, we will not get into the nitty gritty details (Bevan, 2017). They focus on the ways in which children attend to and then process and organise this information, and have in common a justifiable emphasis on the active role of children in shaping their own development; they are not simply passive respondents to stereotyped information that is imposed upon them. What are two cognitive explanations of gender development? It does not explain why, Carol Martin and Charles Halverson developed the, Biological Influences on Gender Development, In the womb, around the eighth week of pregnancy, the presence of the hormone testosterone determines whether a baby is born with male or female genitalia. By a childs second year of life, children begin to display knowledge of gender stereotypes. Everything you need for your studies in one place. 3.6: Cultural and Societal Influences on Child Development is shared under a not declared license and was authored . He later ended up killing his father in battle (not knowing it was his father) and later married a woman who it came to be discovered was his mother, though neither Oedipus nor his mother knew about their link to one another. you get the point. So how do peers socialize gender? (2011 ) social environment impacts the development of gender identity. The Oedipus complex and phallic stage. In women, estrogen levels rise sharply, developing secondary sexual characteristics such as breasts and beginning their menstrual cycle. People with Klinefelter's syndrome have the chromosomal pattern XXY, which results in different physical characteristics than typical males with an XY chromosome. Still, we violate these values at times and experience feelings of guilt. After an infant has been shown a gendered item (doll versus a truck) they will then stare at a photograph of the matching gender longer. holistic nature of development. Lawrence Kohlberg proposesd the first cognitive developmental theory. Gender development is examined from infancy through adolescence, integrating biological, socialization, and cognitive perspectives. Kohlberg believed, much like Freud did, that children go through three specific developmental stages in their lives. That means we are not focusing on the anatomical/biological sex development of an individual, rather, we are focusing on how biological factors may impact gender development and gendered behavior. Thus, a gender schema is an outline about genders a template to follow regarding gender. Why do we consider multiple approaches when trying to explain something in psychology? Before we get started, we want you to ask yourself a few questions When do we begin to recognize and label ourselves as boy or girl, and why? As children get older, their corrective feedback becomes subtler. The same thing can happen with gender modeling applies to gender socialization. As mentioned, these types of experiences (basic evil) lead to maladaptive development which was theorized to occur because the individual begins to believe that, if their parent did not love them then no one could love them. Jun 2017. Did you know that infants can differentiate between male and female faces and voices in their first year of life (typically between 6-12 months of age; Fagan, 1976; Miller, 1983)? of the users don't pass the Cognitive Explanations of Gender Development quiz! Initially developed by Sigmund Freud between 1890 and 1930, the psychodynamic approach focuses on how our unconscious thoughts and drives influence our behaviour. This is learning essentially done through motor practice. If a female was disappointed by males in her family (such as her father or brother, etc. In fact, they found that this drug had cancer-related impacts out to three generations! Cognitive approaches use techniques such as computer models and introspective studies to investigate how our thoughts influence us. In males, testosterone levels rise sharply, developing secondary sexual characteristics such as facial hair and a deeper voice. labels) when they first encountered them. (McLeod, 2008). Epigenetics does not look at DNA, but rather things that may impact DNA mutations or the expression of DNA. Lets look at a few of those factors. If a child's diet is insufficient or contains too many "empty calories," this may affect the child's growth and development processes. Oedipus was a man that killed his father and married his mother in Greek mythology. Lastly, a phase in which children begin to recognize that schemas are flexible and allow for a bit more of a gray area occurs (Dinella, 2017). The first approach is biological, whereby two theories will be examined: sociobiological theory and biosocial theory. Kohlbergs Cognitive Developmental Theory. Both types of instincts are sources of stimulation in the body and create a state of tension that is unpleasant, thereby motivating us to reduce them. This idea forms the basis for the two cognitive explanations of gender development we will explore in this section. We have seen a slight shift in this in many media forms beginning in the mid to late 1980s and 1990s (Stever, 2017; Torino, 2017). When observing a parent reading a book to their child, Gelman, Taylor, & Nguyen (2004) noted that parents used generic expressions that generalized one outcome/trait to all individuals of a gender, during the story. Social Science Sociology Summarize what we know about biological, social, and cognitive influences on gender development. Social cognitive theory. Lastly, socio-cognitive explanations propose that we have changed our environment, and that we have changed in the environment in which natural selection occurs. The social learning theory plays a major role in gender development. These are psychodynamic theory, social learning theory, and cognitive-developmental theory. Thus, the conflict is resolved (McLeod, 2008; Sammons, n.d.). The penis, or absence of, is the differentiating factor here, as the libido moves to the penis or clitoris in the Phallic stage. Socially and culturally, clothing is symbolized identity for everyone. There are 3 major theories of gender development: 1. Biological factors of personality are very important for the formation of human personality. There are many factors that may lead to the patterns we see in gender socialization. In 1935, Bertha was diagnosed with a tumor, and in 1936, she was summoned by the Gestapo to explain anti-Hitler statements she had allegedly made. In the social cognitive theory of gender, children's gender develops through the rewards and punishments from their parents for gender-appropriate behavior. Within learning-based biological theories, there are five types of learning theorized to occur. Schemas are abstract cognitive structures, like a mental toolbox containing information about various things. They recognise how important of a role gender plays in society. The population that I am targeting is infancy through adolescents. Post an explanation of whether psychotherapy has a biological basis.Explain how culture, religion, and socioeconomics might influence one's perspective on the value of psychotherapy treatments. The learning Theory states that "Traits and behaviors are not inborn- we learn them." (122) This means that we aren't born we knowing what traits and behaviors are for each gender, we learn them through our environment. Interestingly, there are two variations of gender schema theory. The four areas of focus include (1) evolutionary theories, (2) genetic theories, (3) epigenetic theories, and (4) learning theories (dont worry, we will explain how this is biology related, rather than cognitively or socially related). This is the feeling of inferiority due to ones sex. For example, if we can now use tools to hunt more effectively, the traditional needs of a male (as explained in sex-based theories) may be less critical in this task (Bevan, 2017). Overall, teachers place less emphasis on girls academic accomplishments and focus more on their cooperation, cleanliness, obedience, and quiet/passive play. Their understanding of their gender and that of the people around them increases. What is the difference in the cognitive development of boys and girls? Cognitive influences on our gender can include who we consider our in- and out-groups, how those around us express or conceptualise gender and media's impact on gender roles. The biological approach towards gender development suggests that there is no distinction between sex and gender. Gender schema theory describes how gender identities develop based on our schemas about that aspect of ourselves and others. February 27, 2023 equitable estoppel california No Comments . 2 Society tends to see gender as binary. Moreover, the theory suggests that these things impact and interact with various factors (Bussey & Bandura, 2005). We will discuss a few of those briefly but will focus more on major concepts and generally accepted processes. Think about that for a moment infants are recognizing and matching gender before they can ever talk! Social learning theory. The complex is described as unconscious tension in which a young boy is preoccupied with his mother and hates his father, viewing him as a rival. Cognitive studies use a range of methods such as case studies, questionnaires, lab experiments and interviews to find out about what thought patterns we have and what these mean for us. Clarify how biology may impact gender development through evolution, genetics, epigenetics, and learning. By ten months, infants can associate certain objects with . What does Gender Schema Theory suggest about a childs perception and development of their gender identity?
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